Interesting places in Independence Mall:

5th and Market Street Station (Market-Frankford Line)		New Independence Visitor Center

the Independence Mall is part of Philadelphia , Center City .

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The Liberty Bell
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The Liberty Bell Center Liberty Bell Facts Location: Liberty Bell Center, Market Street & 6th, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Map of Historic Philadelphia) Bell Originally Cast: Whitechapel Foundry 1752 Bell recast: Pass & Stow Philadelphia 1753 and again later that year Bell owned by: The City of Philadelphia (not the Park Service) Center opened: October, 2003 Center architect: Bernard J. Cywinski of Bohlin, Cywinski, Jackson Tourism information: Daily 9am-5pm with extended hours July and August. The bell is visible 24 hours a day. 215-597-8974 Strike note: E-flat [Listen to the Normandy Liberty Bell] www.ushistory.org/libertybell/more/normandybell.htm Composition: 70% copper, 25% tin, small amounts of lead, zinc, arsenic, gold and silver (a more detailed analysis is given below.) Size of Crack: The crack is approximately 1/2 inch wide and 24.5 inches long. The Bell actually suffered a series of hairline cracks. The area around the crack was expanded in hopes of extending the useful life of the Bell. In the picture at right, note the hairline crack that finally rendered the bell unusable extending upward. Bell Stats * circumference around the lip: 12 ft. * circumference around the crown: 7 ft. 6 in. * lip to crown: 3 ft. * height over the crown: 2 ft. 3 in. * thickness at lip: 3 in. * thickness at crown: 1-1/4 in. * weight (originally): 2080 lbs. * length of clapper: 3 ft. 2 in. * weight of clapper: 44-1/2 lbs. * weight of yoke: 200 lbs. * Length of visible hairline fracture: approx. 2' 4 (this and next measurement made by Park curator Bob Giannini in 1993) * Length of drilled crack: approx. 2' 1/2 * yoke wood: American Elm (a.k.a. slippery elm) Detailed Analysis of the Bell's Composition The Franklin Institute took drillings from the Liberty Bell in 1960. The International Nickel Company analyzed the content and in 1975, scientists from Winterthur Museum and the DuPont Company used an X-Ray Florescence Analyzer to describe the metallic content at ten points around the rim of the Bell. These readings vary greatly. The table here shows the ranges. This table is from The Story of the Liberty Bell by David Kimball. Copper64.95–73.10 Tin24.00–30.16 Lead1.30–5.47 Zinc0.25–1.65 Iron0.00–0.87 Silver0.14–0.26 Antimony0.08–0.18 Arsenic0.19–0.42 Gold0.02–0.06 Nickel0.00–0.28 References 1. Venerable Relic: The Story of the Liberty Bell by David Kimball, 1989, Eastern National Park & Monument Association, Philadelphia, PA 2. Loud and Clear: The Story of Our Liberty Bell by Harold V.B. Boorhis and Ronald E. Heaton, 1970, Ronald E. Heaton, Norristown, PA 3. The Independence Square Neighborhood 1926, The Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company, Philadelphia, PA www.ushistory.org/libertybell/facts.html


The Liberty Bell
Made by kerrins_giraffe
The Liberty Bell Center The Bell achieved an iconic status when abolitionists adopted the Bell as a symbol for the movement. It was first used in this association as a frontispiece to an 1837 edition of Liberty, published by the New York Anti-Slavery Society. It was, in fact, the abolitionists who gave it the name Liberty Bell, in reference to its inscription. It was previously called simply the State House bell. In retrospect, it is a remarkably apt metaphor for a country literally cracked and freedom fissured for its black inhabitants. The line following proclaim liberty is, It shall shall be a jubilee unto you; and ye shall return every man unto his possession, and ye shall return every man unto his family. The Abolitionists understood this passage to mean that the Bible demanded all slaves and prisoners be freed every 50 years. William Lloyd Garrison's anti-slavery publication The Liberator reprinted a Boston abolitionist pamphlet containing a poem about the Bell, entitled, The Liberty Bell, which represents the first documented use of the name, Liberty Bell. The Bell and the Declaration of Independence In 1847, George Lippard wrote a fictional story for The Saturday Currier which told of an elderly bellman waiting in the State House steeple for the word that Congress had declared Independence. The story continues that privately he began to doubt Congress's resolve. Suddenly the bellman's grandson, who was eavesdropping on the doors of Congress, yelled to him, Ring, Grandfather! Ring! This story so captured the imagination of people throughout the land that the Liberty Bell was forever associated with the Declaration of Independence. The truth is that the steeple was in bad condition and historians today highly doubt that the Bell actually rang in 1776. However, its association with the Declaration of Independence was fixed in the collective mythology. Bell as Symbol After the divisive Civil War, Americans sought a symbol of unity. The flag became one such symbol, and the Liberty Bell another. To help heal the wounds of the war, the Liberty Bell would travel across the country. Starting in the 1880s, the Bell traveled to cities throughout the land proclaiming liberty and inspiring the cause of freedom. We have prepared a photo essay of its 1915 journey to the Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco. A replica of the Liberty Bell, forged in 1915, was used to promote women's suffrage. It traveled the country with its clapper chained to its side, silent until women won the right to vote. On September 25, 1920, it was brought to Independence Hall and rung in ceremonies celebrating the ratification of the 19th amendment. To this day, oppressed groups come to Philadelphia to give voice to their plight, at the Liberty Bell, proclaiming their call for liberty. www.ushistory.org/libertybell/


The Liberty Bell X-rays
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The Liberty Bell Center In 1975 and 2001, before the Bell moved to its new homes, technicians x-rayed it for hidden flaws. Left: Photograph, X-ray of the Liberty Bell, By Eastman Kodak Company, 30 October 1975 Right: Photograph, X-ray of the Liberty Bell, by Conam Inspection, 27 April 2001 Last modified at 12:19 a.m. on Saturday, April 28, 2001 Liberty Bell gets X-ray checkup before move By MARYCLAIRE DALE The Associated Press PHILADELPHIA -- The Liberty Bell is undergoing a checkup less than a month after it was damaged by a man with a hammer. A suburban Chicago company took about a half-dozen X-rays of the bronze bell on Friday night. We don't know what's going on inside the bell. All we know is it's been through a lot in its 250-year history, said Karie Diethorn, the chief curator of Independence National Historical Park. Conam Inspection, which is conducting the test, is the same company that took X-rays of the bell 25 years ago. That inspection was done before the bell was moved from Independence Hall to its current home in a glass pavilion. Friday's inspection was planned in advance of a move early next year to a new, larger pavilion nearby. We're very interested to see the difference between the X-rays taken 25 years ago and the ones taken today, Diethorn said. She said the inspection would have been done anyway, but was moved up by about six months because of public concern following the hammer attack. Ultrasound tests are also planned as part of the monitoring of the bell's condition. Mitchell Guilliatt, 27, from Nebraska, was arrested after the April 6 attack and was charged with damaging U.S. property. Witnesses said he chanted God lives! as he banged on the bell several times following a tour, causing small dents and chips. Guilliatt, who later said he was trying to ring the bell, not damage it, was found incompetent to stand trial and is undergoing a 30-day psychiatric exam. Despite the attack, National Park Service officials have vowed to keep the historic bell accessible to the public. The commonwealth of Pennsylvania ordered the bell from England to hang in its statehouse, now known as Independence Hall, but officials were displeased with its sound when it arrived in 1752. The bell was melted down and recast in Philadelphia in 1753, Diethorn said. It hung in the tower of Independence Hall until the 1840s, though it wasn't particularly famous until it was given the name Liberty Bell when it was adopted as a symbol of freedom by the anti-slavery movement in the 1830s. Results of Friday's inspection should take about a month to analyze. www.cjonline.com/stories/042801/new_libertybell.shtml


Coxe
Made by kerrins_giraffe
I think I need to try again and take it in sections to get all the names clearly. Q1 Box Marker Tench and Rebecca Coxe (b. 22 May 1755, d. 17 July 1842; b. 2 August 1764, d. 10 February 1806) and decedents. A Philadelphia merchant nearly convicted of treason as a Loyalist, who became a leading economist and assistant secretary of the U.S. Treasury. Tench Coxe was the grandson of Daniel, the principal proprietor of colonial New Jersey and son of Mary Francis and William Coxe, landowner and merchant. By 1772m after studies at the College of Philadelphia, Coxe opened a trading business. Four years later he became partner in his father's firm Coxe and Furman that sold a variety of goods as well as indentured servants and tradesmen from Europe. When the Revolution broke out he held a commission in the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment, but in 1776 he resined, causing his allegiance to the patriotic cause to become suspect. After an attack on his carriage, he fled to British-controlled New York. When he returned to Philadelphia with the King's troops, he was arrested and paroled. In 1778 he married Catherine McCall,m daughter of merchant Archibald McCall. Apparently already ill at her marriage, she died in July the same year. A month earlier Cox was among a group of citizens subpoenaed for trial and suspected of treason. He was freed with others by a proclamation of December 1778. In the 1780s Tench Coxe's wealth grew through land speculation in western Pennsylvania and Virginia. In 1782 he married his cousin Rebecca Coxe. They had ten children, some who are buried with them. As a charter member of the Pennsylvania Society for the Encouragement of Manufactures and Useful Arts in 1787, and assistant secretary of the treasury to Alexander Hamilton from 1789-92, Coxe promoted two projects. One established a cotton textile mill that employed the poor; the other used private capital and government funds to develop a model industrial town. The Pennsylvania mill burned and the industrial town manufactories failed in a bad economy, but the model site later became Paterson, New Jersey. Coxe continued to promote economic development through manufacturing for all social classes and published extensive analysis and reports to promote American productivity. For the new nation he served as commissioner of revenue (1792-97) and purveyor of public supplies (1803-12)and was on many Philadelphia boards and committees. pg 43 from: Lives of the Silent Stones in the Christ Church Burial Ground----- 50 Family Profiles. by Jean K Wolf Christ Church Preservation Trust 20 North American Street Philadelphia PA 19106 www.oldchristchurch.org


The Liberty Bell
Made by kerrins_giraffe
The Liberty Bell Center Back side of the bell and many visitors to the bell. Tradition tells of a chime that changed the world on July 8, 1776, with the Liberty Bell ringing out from the tower of Independence Hall summoning the citizens of Philadelphia to hear the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence by Colonel John Nixon. The Pennsylvania Assembly ordered the Bell in 1751 to commemorate the 50-year anniversary of William Penn's 1701 Charter of Privileges, Pennsylvania's original Constitution. It speaks of the rights and freedoms valued by people the world over. Particularly forward thinking were Penn's ideas on religious freedom, his liberal stance on Native American rights, and his inclusion of citizens in enacting laws. The Liberty Bell gained iconic importance when abolitionists in their efforts to put an end to slavery throughout America adopted it as a symbol. As the Bell was created to commemorate the golden anniversary of Penn's Charter, the quotation Proclaim Liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof, from Leviticus 25:10, was particularly apt. For the line in the Bible immediately preceding proclaim liberty is, And ye shall hallow the fiftieth year. What better way to pay homage to Penn and hallow the 50th year than with a bell proclaiming liberty? lso inscribed on the Bell is the quotation, By Order of the Assembly of the Province of Pensylvania for the State House in Philada. Note that the spelling of Pennsylvania was not at that time universally adopted. In fact, in the original Constitution, the name of the state is also spelled Pensylvania. If you get a chance to visit the second floor of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, take a moment to look at the original maps on the wall. They, too, have the state name spelled Pensylvania (and the Atlantic Ocean called by the name of that day, The Western Ocean). The choice of the quotation was made by Quaker Isaac Norris, speaker of the Assembly. Centered on the front of the Bell are the words, Pass and Stow / Philada / MDCCLIII. We'll get to Pass and Stow in a bit. The Crack There is widespread disagreement about when the first crack appeared on the Bell. However, it is agreed that the final expansion of the crack which rendered the Bell unringable was on Washington's Birthday in 1846. www.ushistory.org/libertybell/ Here is a virtual Liberty Bell. www.ushistory.org/libertybell/more/virtual.htm


Philadelphia - Old City: The Bourse
Made by wallyg
The Bourse, at 111 South Independence Mall East, was built from 1893-95 by the Hewitt Brothers. Brought to Philadelphia in 1890 by George E. Bartol, a prosperous Philadelphia grain and commodities exporter, the Bourse literally means a place of exchange. It was in the country's first commodities exchange, and the first in the world to house simultaneously a stock exchange, maritime exchange, and grain-trading center. Bartol based the concept on the great Bourse in Hamburg, Germany. In 1891, The Philadelphia Bourse Corporation was formed, with each member subscribing $1,000 to the project, by an issue of stock and mortgage. The Bourse motto was “buy, sell, ship via Philadelphia”. The building was one of the first steel-framed buildings to be constructed. Three types of masonry were used on the facade: Carlisle redstone, Pompeian buff brick and terra cotta. Inside were large columns and pilasters leading to a balcony surrounding the main floor. Bow-top girders were used to support a skylight at the third floor. The original tenants included the American Telephone and Telegraphy, Moore and McCormick Steamships lines, grain dealers and export agents. The Bourse was also home to the Commercial Exchange, the Maritime Exchange, Grocers and Importers Exchange and the Board of Trade. Quotations from all markets of the world and the latest financial news were received by telegraph. Pneumatic tubes connected the Bourse directly with the United States Post Office. A trading clock signaled the end of every business day. Kaiserman Company, Inc. purchased The Philadelphia Bourse Building in 1979, renaming it “The Bourse” and adapting it as a retail and office complex. The restoration took three years to complete at a cost of $20 million, twenty times greater than the original construction cost. Today, it is one of Philadelphia’s leading commercial complexes, home to 27 retail and food service stores and more than 35 businesses. Independence National Historical Park preserves several sites associated with the American Revolution. Administered by the National Park Service, the 45-acre park was authorized in 1948, and established on July 4, 1956. Independence National Park Historic District National Register #66000675 (1966)


Thomas Francis/Tench Francis
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In memory of Thomas W Francis who departed this life on the -- day of dune 1815 in the 45th year of his age. lamented in his death -- he had been beloved throughout his life. 4\148 Plot R17 double marker Tech and Anne Francis (B, 1731 d. 1 May 1800; b.1733, d. 2 January 1812 ) and family. Three generations of the Tench Francis family served Philadelphia both in law, politics, and business. Tench Francis was a prominent and wealthy merchant. He married Anne Willing, daughter of Charles Willing, and was a partner in a retail business with her brother, John. Tench participated in many city and state affairs for the patriot cause and served as cashier of the Bank of Pennsylvania that raised money for the Revolution. In 1795, George Washington appointed him the first purveyor of supplies for the United States as the country prepared defenses during the French Revolution. Tench was named after his father, a leading Philadelphia lawyer and attorney general for Pennsylvania who died in 1758. After his parents' death, Tench made arrangements for a large box marker to be placed as a sepulcher for himself and Anne and to memorialize his parents Tench, Sr.; and Elizabeth. Tench died at age 69 in 1800. Anne died 12 years later at age 79. When their son Thomas died on 2 June 1815, his brother, Tench Francis, 3rd, apparently added the top section of the memorial topped by the obelisk. Its unique arched shape with a central space to hold and urn represents the more elaborate burial monuments of the 19th century and the prosperity of the family. Tench Francis, 3rd, died in 1827. He is buried with his wife, Hanna Moore, and their only daughter Louisa Miffilin Francis at R16, now a broken headstone. pg 44-45 from: Lives of the Silent Stones in the Christ Church Burial Ground----- 50 Family Profiles. by Jean K Wolf Christ Church Preservation Trust 20 North American Street Philadelphia PA 19106 www.oldchristchurch.org


Henry Pratt Family Vault
Made by kerrins_giraffe
We have a Pratt Street here, I wonder if it was named after his family. Plot Q50 Obelisk Henry Pratt (B. 14 May 1761, d. 6 February 1838) Successful merchant and real estate entrepreneur who built one of the finest Federal-style residences overlooking the Schuylkill River in 1799. Henry Pratt, the grandson of Henry Pratt a Philadelphia silversmith, was the son of Mathew Pratt and Elizabeth Moore. In 1778 at age 17 he married Fraces Moor and the subsequently had four children. She died in 1785 at the age of 28 and is buried at Q45. Henry married Elizabeth Dundas in October the same year. She bore six children and died in her 29th year. In 1794 Henry married his third wife, Susannah Care. She was 18 and he was 33. They had four children. To provide housing for his ever-expanding family, Henry purchased part of the former estate of Robert Morris on the east bank of the Schuylkill in 1797. The mansion house had burned down, but large greenhouses remained. Henry's new home, with three stories of a main oval room looking out over the river, was the most fashionable countryseat of the time. He named it Lemon Hill and planted the gardens and greenhouses lavishly with flowers, fruit trees, and plants brought from England. Susannah died in 1816 at the age of 40. Henry lived until 1838 and left an estate of $1.5 million. He owned three square blocks in the center of Philadelphia and at least 128 houses in south Philadelphia'; he also collected rent from 156 other properties. Of Henry's 14 children, only two outlived him. His legacy, Lemon Hill, remains in Fairmount Park in a restored state for the public to enjoy. The elegant obelisk that marks the family vault represents Pratt's wealth and the artistic trends in grave markers during the second quarter of the 19th century. from: Lives of the Silent Stones in the Christ Church Burial Ground----- 50 Family Profiles. by Jean K Wolf Christ Church Preservation Trust 20 North American Street


Philadelphia - Old City: Free Quaker Meeting House
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The Free Quaker Meeting House, on the southwest corner of Arch and 5th Streets, was built in 1783 by Samuel Wetherhill. The Georgian-style meeting house was built for the Free Quakers, a group of approximately 200 Quakers who defied the Religious Society of Friends' pacifist crede to help state militias during the Revolutionary War. Knowing that doing so, they would be read out of meeting or expelled from the main community, they founded their own meetinghouse. Thirty to fifty Quakers regularly attended the meetings. Over the next several years, participation waned. By 1834, only two members regularly attended meetings — Betsy Ross and John Price Wetherill and the house was closed. After its life as a meeting house, the building was successively a school, an apprentice library, a plumbing warehouse, and headquarters for the Junior League of Philadelphia. In recent years, it has reopened with actors giving presentations about the building's history. Inside, are two original benches and an original window exists nearly intact. The balcony which looks as if it belonged to the original structure, was actually constructed when the meeting house was restored in the 1960s. Among the exhibits is the 5-pointed star tissue pattern that Betsy Ross used in making the first American flag. A guide will demonstrate how to cut a 5-pointed star in a single snip. Visit the Betsy Ross homepage for lots more about this. A granite tablet on the north gable reads ...of the Empire 8, an early indication about the uncertainty over what form the future government would take. Independence National Historical Park preserves several sites associated with the American Revolution. Administered by the National Park Service, the 45-acre park was authorized in 1948, and established on July 4, 1956. Free Quaker Meeting House National Register #71000063 (1971) Independence National Park National Register #66000675 (1966)


The Liberty Bell Center
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The Liberty Bell Center Dramatic new home of the internationally known symbol of freedom The Experience The Liberty Bell has a new home, and it is as powerful and dramatic as the Bell itself. Throughout the expansive, light-filled Center, larger-than-life historic documents and graphic images explore the facts and the myths surrounding the Bell. X-rays give an insider’s view, literally, of the Bell’s crack and inner-workings. In quiet alcoves, a short History Channel film, available in English and eight other languages, traces how abolitionists, suffragists and other groups adopted the Bell as its symbol of freedom. Other exhibits show how the Bell’s image was used on everything from ice cream molds to wind chimes. Keep your camera handy. Soaring glass walls offer dramatic and powerful views of both the Liberty Bell and Independence Hall, just a few steps away. History The bell cracked soon after being cast in England. Pass and Stow, two men better known for making pots and pans, recast the bell. It cracked again. It was repaired again. From its perch in the tower of the Pennsylvania State House, it summoned colonists to hear the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence with its forceful peals. Half a century later, the Bell was permanently silenced by more fissures. 6th Street and Chestnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19106 (215) 965-2305 www.nps.gov/inde Neighborhood: Historic District www.gophila.com/C/Things_to_Do/211/Historic_Philadelphia/...


Independence Hall
Made by IceNineJon
For those of you carrying around $100 bills (and really, who isn't these days?) you'll recognize this building from the back of the bill. It was built between 1732 and 1753 and was originally intended as a meeting place for the Pennsylvania colonial legislature but is most well known as the location where the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were debated and signed. While I was there (and while I look at this photo now), I marveled at the amazing history this building was part of. This building witnessed two of the most important events and documents in United States history. The building on the right by the way is Congress Hall which was occupied by the United States Congress from December 6, 1790 to May 14, 1800 (compare the size of it to the Capital Building in Washington DC where Congress sits today). ABOUT THE SERIES In June 2010 Michelle and I traveled to Philadelphia (and surrounding areas) for a summer vacation and to visit her extended family. I'd been to Philadelphia twice before, once in eighth grade and once during college but I only remember bits and pieces of each previous trip. The trip during college was during the 2010 Republican National Convention (I wasn't there for the convention) and I remember the entire city resembling a police state with police everywhere due to all the protests. Anyway, it was great to return to the city and see some of the surrounding areas I hadn't explored before. We visited during a heatwave (90 degree heat with intense humidity which apparently is a little unusual in June but typical in August) but it was well worth the trip.


The Liberty Bell Casting
Made by kerrins_giraffe
The Liberty Bell Center This was made so people can run their fingers over the famous saying, with out damaging the bell itself. Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof - Lev. XXV, v. x. By order of the Assembly of the Province of Pensylvania [sic] for the State House in Philada. Liberty Bell Inscription The Bell's Message The Liberty Bell's inscription conveys a message of liberty which goes beyond the words themselves. Since the bell was made, the words of the inscription have meant different things to different people. When William Penn created Pennsylvania's government he allowed citizens to take part in making laws and gave them the right to choose the religion they wanted. The colonists were proud of the freedom that Penn gave them. In 1751, the Speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly ordered a new bell for the State House. He asked that a Bible verse to be placed on the bell - Proclaim LIBERTY throughout all the Land unto all the inhabitants thereof (Leviticus 25:10). As the official bell of the Pennsylvania State House (today called Independence Hall) it rang many times for public announcements, but we remember times like July 8, 1776 when it rang to announce the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence. www.nps.gov/archive/inde/liberty-bell.html


Liberty Bell
Made by Michael Pancier Photography
This is the iconic symbol of Philadelphia and of American Independence. But it's a bear to photograph. You have backlighting and glass and lots of people to deal with. I took a 3 image handheld HDR using the Fraggle Red technique and this is the result. In the background is Independence Hall. Special thanks to Senora Shutterbug for keeping people out of my shot. What's really wild is that when you finally see this in person, it looks much smaller than what you may have envisioned it. Let Freedom Ring! ------------- Tradition tells of a chime that changed the world on July 8, 1776, with the Liberty Bell ringing out from the tower of Independence Hall summoning the citizens of Philadelphia to hear the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence by Colonel John Nixon. The Pennsylvania Assembly ordered the Bell in 1751 to commemorate the 50-year anniversary of William Penn's 1701 Charter of Privileges, Pennsylvania's original Constitution. It speaks of the rights and freedoms valued by people the world over. Particularly forward thinking were Penn's ideas on religious freedom, his liberal stance on Native American rights, and his inclusion of citizens in enacting laws.


Elizabeth Lydia Crozier
Made by kerrins_giraffe
Sacred to the memory of Elizabeth Lydia Crozier and of her three stillborn infants, wife of Mr. Matthew Crozier and daughter of Burton Wallace who departed this life on the 9th of November Anno 1799 in the 28th year of her age after a painful illness which she bore with patience and resignation. As a daughter, sister and wife she was dutiful and affectionate, highly esteemed by her friends who much lament her loss. Her disconsolate parent with the consent of her husband has erected this tomb to perpetuate her memory. Her much lamented mother departed this life during the Revolutionary war and was interned beneath a tomb in the burial ground of the church in Kingsessing, Philadelphia County. She saw disease prey on her vital breath; She bore with resignation every pain; She saw with fortitude her coming death; And changed a sinful world for heavenly gain. Remembrance oft shall her restore, For her the tear be duly shed; Beloved till life can charm no more, And mourned till pity's self be dead. But Hark! I hear her dear Redeemer say, The dead who sweetly die in Christ are blest; She's gone where blooms a bright eternal day; She has done to inherit everlasting rest.


First Amendment
Made by lucindalunacy
This sits at the end of a Concrete Slab that is designed to be a Free Speech Zone for Future Protesters. It's very small and very much goes against Free Speech, IMHO since you should be able to protest ANYWHERE. from CBS.Com- Philadelphia now has an official place for people to protest. The People's Plaza is open on Independence Mall, a highly visible space for groups that want to stage demonstrations in the park. Tom Caramanico is with the Friends of Independence Park, which raised funds for the People's Plaza. He says, It's a place where, if people want to demonstrate, congregate, or complain or dissent from something, there's a specific place they can do it. Independence Park Acting Superintendent Darla Sidles signed the first permit Monday for a gathering on the plaza. A granite and marble slab is located on the south side of Market Street, between Fifth and Sixth streets, near the President's House site. The First Amendment is carved into a slab at the end of the space.


John Clark, Merchant
Made by kerrins_giraffe
Sacred to the memory of John Clark, Merchant who on the morning of the 25th Aug A.D 1803 Whilst laudably engaged in the saving his fellow citizens property from the flames was suddenly killed by the falling of the wall of the building on fire. Reader, Survey the grave with solemn thoughts and reflect on the untimely death of thy fellow mortal who was called by his Maker from time to eternity in the 51st year of his age leaving a widow and seven children to whom he was affectionate, kind and indulgent As a man of business, his conduct was influenced by the strictest integrity; his greatest ambition was to be an honest man and a Christian. graveR61 for more info on the Burial Ground: www.christchurchphila.org/Historic_Christ_Church/Burial_G...


Ron Paul
Made by Vincent J. Brown
Photographer: Vincent Brown (http://vincentbrown.com/blog) What: On Saturday (11.10.2007) Repbulican presidential candidate, Ron Paul, visited Independence Mall, Philadelphia, PA to speak to a diverse audience. Regarding: The Ron Paul Liberty Rally When: November 10, 2007 @ 1pm Location: Independence Mall, Arch Street (between 5th and 6th Streets), Philadelphia, PA Note to Editors, Publishers and Bloggers: Feel free to utilize these photos (with proper credit given) to complement your writing and posts as long as it is not for commercial, monetary gain. Black&White versions of each photo are available upon request (email me). Exclusive commercial license approval also available upon request.


Types of Mankind, or Ethnological Researches...
Made by APS Museum
Nott, Types of Mankind Here American physician J. C. Nott attempted to illustrate geologist Louis Agassiz’s theory, which was that each region of the world was populated by separately created sets of species, both animal and human. Such ideas about human species at the time were often influenced by western racial prejudices, as the idea of multiple, separately created races could be used to justify slavery and other forms of subjugation. Darwin disagreed, firmly maintaining that all humans were descended from the same human ancestor. Josiah Clark Nott (1804–1873). Types of Mankind.... Philadelphia: Lippincott and Grambo, 1854. To learn more visit http://www.apsmuseum.org/darwin


Lt. Edwin Jesse Dehaven
Made by kerrins_giraffe
On 3 May 1850, LCDR DeHaven was placed in command of the Grinnell Rescue Expedition to search for Sir John Franklin and to make further scientific expeditions. Two ships of the expedition, the brigs ADVANCE and RESCUE, were caught in the ice west of Greenland in September and drifted for nine months. The Expedition failed to find Franklin, but discovered and named Grinnell Land. Lieutenant Commander DeHaven retired on 6 February 1862, and died on 1 May 1865. www.ussdehaven.org/lcdr.htm for more info on the burial ground: www.christchurchphila.org/Historic_Christ_Church/Burial_G...


Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, 1839–43,Vol.2 Part 3, Birds.
Made by APS Museum
Charles Darwin ( edited and superintended by). Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, 1839–43, Darwin had intended to collect and preserve the bird in this illustration. But it was served to him for dinner instead! Horrified upon discovering content of his meal, he wrote, “It was cooked and eaten before my memory returned. Fortunately the head, neck, legs, wings, many of the larger feathers, and a large part of the skin, had been preserved.” Based on an analysis of the surviving parts, the ornithologist John Gould named the bird Rhea darwinii To learn more visit http://www.apsmuseum.org/darwin